The “Aryan” Debate: Getting Serious About It
Shrikant G. Talageri
Sangam Talks, Recorded 17/2/2023,
To Be Uploaded on youtube in March 2023
Below is the Word Document form of the Power-Point Presentation (48 slides), since PPPs cannot be uploaded on the blog.
The pdf of the PPP is uploaded on academia-edu.
1. The Two Intransigent Sides.
• The AIT‐anti‐AIT debate (without the OIT) has
landed in an impasse because the two sides are
governed by certain intransigent attitudes:
• The AIT scholars and laymen insist their theory is
final and unchallengeable, and refuse to examine
the evidence for the OIT, choosing simply to pull
academic rank, or indulge in political name‐
calling and label‐sticking against the OIT writers.
• The anti‐AIT scholars and laymen insist there is
no AIT case or that it is already vanquished, and
therefore there is no need to waste time on
something which does not exist, or no sense in
"flogging" a dead horse .
2. Why is the OIT necessary?‐1.
• The intransigent anti‐AIT side believes in refuting the
AIT only by showing that the Rigveda goes back to pre‐
2000 BCE dates, and that the archaeological or
“genetic” data shows continuity, or that the Vedic
people were in India long before that date and are
identical or near‐identical with the Harappan people
whose roots go back deep into the soil.
• But they do not see any reason to postulate an OIT, and
prefer to ignore the whole question of an Indo‐
European language family and IE migrations, and
believe that merely by showing that Vedic culture is old
and rooted in the Indian soil automatically disproves
the AIT. There are two broad groups among them.
3. Why is the OIT necessary?‐2.
• The first group among them is only concerned
with showing that the Vedic Aryan culture was a
civilized (and not a nomadic) culture identical
with the highly civilized Harappan culture, and
are not against postulating an “Aryan”
immigration before the Harappan period.
• The second group totally rejects the idea of an
Aryan immigration, and totally rejects or
ignores the idea of an Indo‐European language
family distinct from a Dravidian language family,
and considers the non‐Indian IE languages as
representative of the ancient influence of a highly
civilized Vedic India on the rest of the world.
4. Why is the OIT necessary?‐3.
• The first group (who do not mind shifting the date of
an “Aryan immigration” by several millenniums) is
wrong because they are ignorant of, or deliberately
ignore or reject, the fact that the linguistic facts and
the common technological words among the 12
geographically widely separated branches of IE
languages show that the 12 branches were
geographically located in contiguous areas till a period
around 3500‐3000 BCE. So they could not have
separated from each other (in any AIT scenario) in any
Homeland far from India in any theory which could
logistically bring the “Aryans” into India from that
Homeland before 2000 BCE.
5. Why is the OIT necessary?‐4.
• The second group is wrong because the linguistic
facts definitely show that the 12 branches do indeed
form one single language family (which is given the
name Indo‐European, or in certain contexts “Aryan”).
• And this language family is indeed different from the
languages of South India which form a different
language family, which is given the name Dravidian.
• The similarities between the 12 branches are not
based on influence but on family‐relationship.
• And the similarities between the Indo‐Aryan branch
and Dravidian are not based on family‐relationship
but on influence.
6. Why is the OIT necessary?‐5.
• Thus, languages can be influenced into borrowing
words for relation words and number words, so
Indians today can use English relation words (like
mummy, daddy, uncle, aunty), or English number
words (hundred, fifty, million) while speaking in
their own languages.
• We can show that the Indo‐Aryan languages are
related to the other IE languages outside India on
the basis of closely similar relation words and
number words, which is strong evidence that
they are related languages and that the Dravidian
languages are not related to them, but it is not
clinching evidence.
7. Why is the OIT necessary?‐6.
• Thus relation words:
• Sanskrit: pitar, mātar, bhrātar, svasar, sūnu, duhitar.
• English: father, mother, brother, sister, son, daughter.
• Persian: pidar, mādar, birādar, xvāsar/xvāhar, hūnu
(in Avestan), duxtar.
• Tocharian B: pācer, mācer, procer, ṣer, soy, tkācer.
• Old Slavonic: otĭcĭ, mati, brat(r)ŭ, sestra, synŭ, dŭštĭ.
• Latin: pater, māter, frāter, soror, —, —.
• Old Irish: athair, máthair, bráthair, sïur, —, —.
• [Compare Tamil: tandai, tāy, aṇṇan/tambi, akkāḷ/tangi,
peyan, peṇ] .
8. Why is the OIT necessary?‐7.
• Or numbers. Take just the words for “three”:
•Indo‐Aryan: Sanskrit tri/trīṇi, Sinhalese tuna, Kashmiri tre, Hindi tīn,
Marathi tīn, Konkani tīni, Guarati traṇ, Sindhi tē, Punabi tinna,
Nepali tīna, Bengali tina, Oriya tini, Assamese tini, etc. Also
Romany (Gypsy) trin, Mitanni tera.
• Iranian: Avestan thri, Persian sī/sē, Baluchi sē, Kurdish sē,
Ossetic erte, Pashto dray.
• Other IE: Greek treis, Albanian tre, English three, German drei,
Dutch drie, Swedish tre, Danish tre, Norwegian tre, Icelandic ϸryu,
Gothic ϸrija, Latin tres, French trois, Spanish tres, Portuguese
três, Catalan tres, Italian tre, Romanian trei, Russian tri, Belarusian tri,
Ukrainian try, Macedonian tri, Polish trzy, Czech tři, Slovak tri,
Slovenian tríje, Serbian tri, Croatian tri, Lithuanian trys, Latvian tris,
Irish trī, Welsh tri, Tocharian trai, Hittite tēries.
• [Compare Dravidian: Tamil mūnṛu, Malayalam mūnnu, Telugu
mūḍu, Kannada mūru, Tulu mūji, Gond mūnd, Toda mūd, Kodagu
mūdu, Brahui musit]
9. Why is the OIT necessary?‐8.
• Therefore while the relation words and number words
very clearly show the relationship between the
different IE branches, and the difference between the
IE and Dravidian families, the evidence is strong but
not clinching and final, because (although the
geography and history of the individual IE branches
does not account for such total adoption of borrowed
words) it is at least a fact that such words can be
borrowed in general.
• However, certain words can almost never be borrowed
by any language from another language: in this
category come personal pronouns and the
fundamental tense forms of the basic verb "to be" .
10. Why is the OIT necessary?‐9.
• See the words for the second‐person singular personal pronoun:
• Indo‐Aryan: Sanskrit tu‐, Hindi tū, Marathi tū, Konkani tūȗva, Sindhi
tuȗ, Punjabi tūȗ, Gujarati tū, Bengali tui, Oriya tu, Assamese toi,
Kashmiri tsa, Romany (Gypsy) tu.
• Iranian: Avestan tū, Persian tu, Pashto tu, Kurdish tu, Baluchi tæw.
• Other IE: Latin tū, Italian tu, Spanish tu, Portuguese tu, French tu,
Romanian tu, Catalan tu, Irish tu, Scots‐Gaelic thu, Welsh ti, Old
English thū (later English thou), Icelandic thu, German du,
Norwegian du, Danish du, Swedish du, Old Church Slavic ty, Russian
ty, Belarusian ty, Polish ty, Czech ty, Slovak ty, Ukrainian ty,
Bulgarian ti, Serbian ti, Croatian ti, Slovenian ti, Macedonian ti,
Bosnian ti, Armenian du, Albanian ti, Doric Greek tu, Lithuanian tu,
Latvian tu, Tocharian tu, Hittite ta / du.
• [Compare Dravidian: Tamil nī, Malayalam nī, Toda nī, Kota nī, Brahui
nī, Kurukh nīn, Kannada nīnu, Kolami nīv, Naiki nīv, Teluu nīvu].
11. Why is the OIT necessary?‐10.
• See the words for (I) am, (thou) art, (he/she/it) is.
• 12 Indo‐European branches:
• Sanskrit: asmi, asi, asti. Avestan: ahmī, ahī, astī.
• Homeric Greek: eimi, essi, esti. Latin: sum, es, est.
• Gothic: em, ert, est. Hittite: ēšmi, ēšši, ēšzi.
• Old Irish: am, at, is. Russian: esmy, esi, esty.
• Lithuanian: esmi, esi, esti. Albanian: jam, je, ishtë.
• Armenian: em, es, ê. Tocharian: ‐am, ‐at, ‐aṣ.
• [Compare Dravidian: Tamil: irukkiŗēn, irukkiŗāy,
irukkiŗān/irukkiŗāḷ/irukkiŗadu.
• Kannada: iddēne, iddi, iddāne/iddāḷe/ide.
• Telugu: unnānu, unnāvu, unnāḍu/unnadi/unnadi].
12. Why is the OIT necessary?‐11.
• Even the different modern Indian languages have
words more slightly different from each other than the
12 older IE branch words are from each other:
• Marathi: āhe, āhes, āhe. Konkani: ɑ:ssa, ɑ:ssa, ɑ:ssa.
• Hindi: hũ, hai, hai. Gujarati: chũ, che, che.
• Bengali: āchi, ācha, āche. Sindhi: āhyẫ, āhĩ, āhe.
• Punjabi: hẫ, haĩ, hai.
• You can borrow the relation words and number words
from another language, but not the personal pronouns
or the fundamental tense forms of the basic verb “to
be ”. The personal pronouns and forms of “to be” prove
that the 12 branches of IE languages are related to
each other, but not to the Dravidian languages.
13. Why is the OIT necessary?‐12.
• Therefore, the following facts have to be accepted:
• The “12 branches of IE languages” are indeed actually
12 related branches of one language‐family.
• Therefore they (i.e. their earlier ancestral forms) must
have been spoken in one geographically restricted
contiguous area: the Homeland.
• Therefore either the non‐Indian IE languages went
from an Indian Homeland to their respective historical
habitats, or the Indian IE languages (Indo‐Aryan) came
to India from an external Homeland. It has to be one or
the other: there is no third option.
• Ignoring this logic, and refusing to accept the need and
importance of an OIT case for a full refutation of the
AIT is therefore a myopic attitude.
14. Why is the OIT necessary?‐13.
• There are broadly three claimants for the Proto‐Indo‐European
Homeland: the Pontic‐Caspian Steppes, Anatolia, and India.
• Proponents of the Pontic Caspian Steppe Homeland Theory or the
Anatolian Homeland Theory have to present only one set of
arguments: arguments for their Homeland theory. Neither of the
two has to present a case against an invasion/immigration theory in
respect of the Pontic‐Caspian Steppes or Anatolia. Their differences
with each other are only about the Homeland, both are agreed in
the case of India about the AIT.
• However, for a very great number of reasons, proponents of the
Indian Homeland Theory are compelled to present two sets of
arguments: arguments for the Homeland theory, and arguments
against the AIT. When anti‐AIT scholars fail to understand the vital
need for a full‐fledged OIT case, and only argue against the AIT
without seeing the need for an alternative OIT, they are sabotaging
their own case or converting it into a half‐case.
15. The Basic Issues in the Debate‐1.
• The basic issue in the debate is that there are 12 branches
of related (IE) languages historically spoken in different
areas. All of them have to have spread out from one
Original Homeland. The basic question is: where is this
Homeland situated?
• There are two related but different questions involved
here: 1. What was the linguistic situation between these 12
branches within the Homeland? 2. What were the different
ways in which these branches reached their different
historical habitats from this Homeland?
• The earliest existence of these 12 branches (10 living and 2
extinct) is known only from their earliest recorded presence
in their 12 areas. So the second question can only be
sought to be answered by means of analysis of all the
available data from the relevant fields of scientific study.
16. The Basic Issues in the Debate‐2.
• The first question also, in respect of the Steppe Homeland
and Anatolian Homeland Theories, can only be sought to be
answered by means of analysis of the available data from
the relevant fields of scientific study.
• However, in the case of the Indian Homeland Theory, the
first question can be answered on the basis of the actual
recorded history of the Indo‐European branches in the
Original Homeland in India, recorded and provable on the
basis of data from the oldest recorded text, the Rigveda,
and the traditional historical narratives contained in the
Puranas.
• Thus while the Steppe Homeland and Anatolian Homeland
Theories are wholly based on hypothesis, the Indian
Homeland Case alone provides a full‐fledged case with
actual recorded data on the history within the Homeland.
17. The Basic Issues in the Debate‐3.
• What are the “relevant fields of scientific study”?
• 1. The two primary relevant fields of scientific study
are Linguistics (since the whole debate is about the
origin and migration of languages), and Analysis of
Textual/Inscriptional/Other‐Recorded‐Data (since
ancient language and history become known only
through decipherable records).
• 2. Archaeology is a primary relevant field when the
archaeological records contain actual decipherable
linguistic material. Otherwise it is the most important
secondary relevant field.
• 3. All other fields of scientific study are secondary or
tertiary fields in relevance, and become important in
the manner in which they fit in with the above data.
18. The OIT Case in Short‐1.
• 1. The Rigveda is the oldest recorded IE language
document. As I have shown in my books and articles, the
Mitanni evidence in West Asia shows that the proto‐
Mitanni people had migrated from the Rigvedic area during
the full‐fledged period of composition of the New Rigveda,
and that this takes the period of the oldest parts of the Old
Rigveda beyond 3000 BCE.
• 2. In this period (beyond 3000 BCE), the composers of the
Old Rigveda were initially inhabitants of an area centered
around Haryana, east of the Punjab. And they had no
memories of an external origin, or knowledge of extra‐
Indian areas, or of having come from elsewhere, and were
attached to their area with ancestral ties. And they had no
acquaintance with any local non‐IE people, and had purely
Indo‐Aryan names for the local rivers and animals.
19. The OIT Case in Short‐2.
• 3. But the accepted linguistic evidence shows that the
12 branches were geographically located in contiguous
areas till a period around 3500‐3000 BCE. So, at the
time of composition of the Old Rigveda, the proto‐
speakers of the other 11 branches (and the Iranian
speakers for a longer period after that) must have been
located near to the Rigvedic people, in areas to their
west and northwest.
• 4. Therefore there has to be some evidence of
correlation between the linguistic 12‐branch‐IE
paradigm, and the traditional historical paradigm of
different peoples or tribes living in North and
I Northwestern India.
20. The OIT Case in Short‐3.
• 5. As I have shown in my books and articles, the traditional
historical paradigm talks of all the people of India being
descended from the ten sons of the mythical ancient king
Manu Vaivasvata. But the traditional histories concentrate
only on the history of two main Lunar tribes (Pūrus, Yadus)
and one Solar tribe (Ikṣvākus). The Yadus are to the south
of the Rigvedic area, and the Ikṣvākus far to its east.
• 6. The Pūrus are located in the “center” in and around the
Kurukṣetra area of Haryana: i.e. in the Rigvedic area itself.
So it is clear that the Pūrus were the Vedic Aryans.
• 7. The Anus and Druhyus are located to the west and
northwest of the Pūrus, and the traditional literature
records the migration of the Druhyus out of India through
Central Asia after which they fade out from Indian history.
The Anus then occupy the areas to the west of the Pūrus.
21. The OIT Case in Short‐4.
• 8. Therefore, it is clear that the Druhyus represent the first
IE migration of branches out of India.
• 9. The Rigveda records a major event, the dāśarājña battle
on the central river of the Punjab between the Pūru king
Sudās and 10 tribes from among the Anus, after which
large sections of the Anus migrate westwards from India,
constituting the second IE migration.
• 10. In 4 verses from 2 hymns (out of 1028 hymns and
10552 verses in the text), the Rigveda records the names of
the Anu tribes who fought against Sudās. All the names
can be identified with the later historical names of people
belonging to four of the IE branches (Iranian, Armenian,
Albanian, Greek), which are the very four branches (along
with Indo‐Aryan) which linguists have identified as the Last
Branches in the Homeland.
22. The OIT Case in Short‐5.
• 11. The OIT case has been presented in detail in my
article “The Aryan Story vs. True Aryan History” and
the entire case with all the evidence till then from
different fields has been given in my article “The Full
Out‐of‐India Case in short, revised and enlarged
20/7/2020". The full linguistic case has been given
again in my article “The Complete Linguistic case for
the Out‐of‐India Theory”.
• Objections raised by critics on specific points (even if
made on twitter) have been completely answered by
me in numerous articles after that, and minor
additional evidence (after the above summaries) has
been given in newer articles. The case has now been
presented in full.
23. The OIT Case in Short‐6.
• The most important other scholars (I am only
naming the most important ones: there are many
other important ones) who have presented
extremely valuable evidence are BB Lal (on the
archaeological front), Nicholas Kazanas (on the
linguistic front), and AA Semenenko and
Koenraad Elst (both on a wide number of front
and on summarizations of the case). The entire
case is now unanswerable, and the only major
thing preventing it from being accepted is politics
and coordinated stonewalling from the deeply
entrenched vested interests on the "AIT side".
24. The Internal Stumbling Blocks‐1.
• While blaming the AIT side, we cannot remain silent on the
numerous internal stumbling blocks (from within the anti‐AIT
and General “Hindu” sides):
• Firstly, the AIT is backed by a wide spectrum of official
national and international academic, media and political
forces, while the OIT version is officially a neglected orphan.
• Secondly, as already described, most anti‐AIT writers do not
go beyond proving the antiquity of Vedic civilization and its
identity with the Harappan civilization, and, as already
described, many of them refuse to accept the importance of
proving the OIT on linguistic and textual grounds.
• But there are other vested interests, even from among those
who may not be inimical to the idea of an OIT, or may even be
supporters, which have contributed to fudging the issues and
preventing the united presentation of a full OIT version:
25. The Internal Stumbling Blocks‐2.
• 1. First of course are the fundamentalist religious
elements who insist that the Vedas are divine, timeless,
“revealed” texts which cannot contain historical
material; and who reject any analysis which uses
“western” tools like linguistics, “western” concepts like
the ideas of “language family”, “PIE”, etc, and which
goes beyond the traditional (pre‐colonial) Indian
methods and parameters of textual analysis.
• 2. Then there are those whose only demand is that
Vedic Sanskrit must be acknowledged as the original
PIE parent language, and the IE migrants from India
must be treated as emigrants from a Vedic culture who
took this culture out from India all the way to Europe.
26. The Internal Stumbling Blocks‐3.
• 3. There is a large body of Hindus addicted to the idea that
Vedic culture was the source and fountainhead of at least the
whole of Indian culture and civilization, if not world culture
and civilization, and who therefore try to trace all the
languages and cultures of India from Vedic culture. The idea
that Vedic culture was the culture of just one tribe, the Pūrus,
among the many cultures of many ancient Indian tribes, is
particularly unacceptable to them as they feel it amounts to
"reducing" the status of the Rigveda and the Vedic texts,
people, culture and heritage.
• They are paralleled by archaeologists, geneticists and others
who want to derive all Indian cultures, and even people, as
descended from the people and/or culture of the Harappan
people.
27. The Internal Stumbling Blocks‐4.
• 4. There is again a large body of Hindus who feel Indian
history should be written according to the Puranas and
Epics and want accounts of Vedic history to include and
account for every major or important king, dynasty,
kingdom, and sage recorded in these texts. They claim to go
by the Puranic lists (even counting “number of generations”
between different kings, etc.) although the various analysts
of the Puranas (Pargiter, Smith, Pusalker, etc.) have given
different lists, and most of the stories are clearly late and
jumbled interpolations.
• A study of the data in the Puranas and Epics is a separate
important field in itself. But the obsession with combining
Rigvedic and Puranic/Epic persons and events leads to utter
chaos, especially when it intrudes into the Rigvedic analysis
with reference to the IE/Aryan debate.
28. The Internal Stumbling Blocks‐5.
• 5. In this context, there is a group of scholars who want to
locate the origin of at least the major Puranic/Epic persons,
dynasties and tribes (mainly the Ikṣvākus and Yadus who
occupy as important a place in traditional Indian texts as
the Pūrus) in the region of the Rigvedic people, on the
banks of the Sarasvati, or in the cities of the Harappan
civilization, even when it goes completely against the
geographical data in both the Rigveda as well as in the
Puranas and Epics. This leads to a full‐fledged agenda of
misinterpretation and distortion of the Rigvedic (and
Puranic/Epic) data.
• 6. Then, there is of course a large group of writers, whose
only agenda is to take traditional Indian historical events
back by thousands, ten thousands or even lakhs of years,
by resorting to “evidence” from a wide range of “sciences”.
This group is generally only obsessed with chronology.
29. The Internal Stumbling Blocks‐6.
• Every single one of these groups has large fan followings,
which are as militantly up‐in‐arms (in the social media,
where all the battles seem to take place nowadays) against
any rational OIT and any rational interpretation of historical
data, as any AIT fans. In the face of all this, AIT protagonists
naturally have a field day in stonewalling the OIT.
• The OIT is basically irrefutable, and we can only keep
strengthening its irrefutable nature by presenting new
evidence whenever it comes up, and logically refuting all
arguments against the OIT and arguments for the AIT. But
unless there is a rational consensus among Hindus of all
brands, the stalemate will only continue, and the victory of
the OIT will only remain confined to a few echo‐chambers.
• Here I will present the archaeological case for the OIT, and
then list out the linguistic evidence in short.
30. The Archaeological Evidence‐1.
• 1. Archaeology has been unable to provide any evidence for
the movement of IE groups from the Steppes to Central
Asia, or from Central Asia to the Vedic‐Harappan area, or
from the Vedic Harappan area to the rest of North India. In
fact, archaeologically, the PIE, “Proto‐Indo‐Iranian” and
even Vedic cultures (since the Harappan sites are rejected
by the AIT) have not been identified anywhere .
• Attempts to identify the trail of “Indo‐Iranians” from the
Steppes to India have been dismissed by eminent
archaeologists like Francfort and Lamberg‐Karlovsky as
cases of attempts to gratuitously identify simply any
archaeological materials found at sites which fall on the
purely hypothetical trail as “Indo‐Iranian”. As they point
out, by using such logic even sites of Chinese, Arabs, Turks
or the Plains Indians of North America could be similarly
declared Indo‐Iranian (see TALAGERI 2008:338‐342).
31. The Archaeological Evidence‐2.
• 2. There is identifiable archaeological material for all the
other IE branches which at least shows the entry of
outsiders into the respective historical areas in periods
which fit in with the linguistic theory. But in the case of
India alone, even the archaeologists in an international
academic conference (volume edited by Witzel and Erdosy)
in Toronto in 1991 are unanimous in reiterating that there is
absolutely no archaeological evidence for any change in the
ethnic composition and the material culture in the
Harappan areas between “the 5 th /4 th and […] the 1 st
millennium B.C.”, and that there was “indigenous
development of South Asian civilization from the Neolithic
onward"; and further that any change which took place
before “the 5 th /4 th […] millennium B.C.” and in/after “the 1 st
millennium B.C.” is “too early and too late to have any
connection with 'Aryans'" (See TALAGERI 2008:308-310).
32. The Archaeological Evidence‐3.
• 3. In matters of migrations, archaeological evidence can
only be found at the end point of major migrations, not at
the starting point. Even for the recorded migrations of
Europeans to the American continent, archaeological
material for it can be found in the Americas and not in
Europe. Later, native American artifacts would appear in
Europe, but only because the Europe‐America contacts
remained extremely strong and there was interaction.
• In the case of the IE migrations, we cannot expect to see
archaeological evidence of emigrations from India (or from
any other proposed Homeland), as there was no interaction
later, so it is futile to ask for archaeological evidence for the
OIT in India. But the evidence for immigrations in all the
other IE areas, i.e. pointedly except in India, is itself strong
archaeological evidence for the OIT and against the AIT.
33. The Archaeological Evidence‐4.
• 4. At the same time, archaeologists like BB Lal, and
numerous other scholars, e.g. AA Semenenko (in his
brilliant Sangam Talks presentation 29 Jan 2023) have
provided detailed data showing identity between Harappan
archaeology and Vedic texts. The presence of Vedic fire
altars in Harappan sites provides the biggest example.
• Those who object, pointing to the absence of reference to
certain special Harappan features in the Rigveda and other
Vedic texts, cannot provide any other archaeological sites
which can be identified as demonstrating special Vedic
features in areas and periods which can be fitted into the
AIT paradigm, so these objections cannot be taken
seriously.
• Basically, there is no archaeological evidence showing that
the Harappan civilization was non‐Vedic or non‐IE.
34. The Archaeological Evidence‐5.
• 5. One archaeological factor definitely proving the identity of the
Vedic and Harappan cultures (and in fact even the reconstructed
PIE culture) is the pastoral nature of the PIE and the Vedic
cultures.
• The reconstructed proto‐IE pastoral vocabulary is most fully
represented in the Vedic vocabulary. But the only cattle found
archaeologically in the whole of India, from ancient times to
recent colonial times, is the Indian species, bos indicus,
domesticated by the Harappans. So this was obviously the only
species known to the Vedic people (and by implication to the PIE
people whose pastoral vocabulary is fully represented in Vedic).
• Also: while there is evidence that there was no immigration of
western cattle into India, there is plenty of archaeological
evidence for the emigration of Indian cattle (and also elephants
and peacocks) to West Asia and Central Asia in periods
represented historically by the first appearance of the Mitanni in
West Asia.
35. The Archaeological Evidence‐6.
• 6. As a corollary to the above, the distribution of high
lactase persistence (the ability to digest milk even after
weaning, found only in pastoral communities) in India
to this day is found restricted to exactly the erstwhile
Harappan areas (map in ROMERO 2013:253).
• This proves that the Harappans, who were one of the
two domesticators of cattle species in the whole world
(and who also had milch buffaloes) and were therefore
highly lactase persistent, have been the inhabitants of
the Harappan areas from pre‐Harappan times to the
present day, and there have been no major population
movements of people (e.g. “Aryans”) from outside into
these areas, or of “Harappans” from these areas into
the Dravidian South.
36. The Archaeological Evidence‐7.
• 7. There have been many scholars in recent times who
have presented very significant archaeological data
l I i t showing movements of people from India to the west
identifiable with IE emigrations from India. A recent
presentation by A.A.Semenenko “Steppe Route of
Indo‐European Dispersals” (Sangam Talks, 12 Feb 2023)
is a prime example. He locates the PIE Homeland in
the border region between India and Iran , in short in
the very area where interaction continued between the
Pūru‐Anu‐Druhyu PIE groups after the Anus and
Druhyus had spread out from the east (as detailed in
my books and papers on the basis of the textual
evidence).
37. The Archaeological Evidence‐8.
• 8. Equally based on textual and archaeological evidence is the
date of the Rigveda as determined by the Mitanni data whose
name types are found only in the New Rigveda, but
completely missing in the Old Rigveda. This becomes
significant only because the archaeologically attested Mitanni
data from West Asia and Egypt, is scientifically dated in West
Asia to 1500 BCE and even earlier.
• The Mitanni, taking with them the vocabulary of the New
Rigveda, could only have migrated from India before 2000
BCE to account for the chronology of their attested presence.
The Old Rigveda must naturally come before the New
Rigveda, so its date (with its eastern geographical location and
purely Indo‐Aryan river names) goes back to far beyond 2500
BCE. This amounts to proof against the AIT and for the OIT.
38. The Linguistic Evidence‐1.
• The AIT‐OIT debate is all about languages, and therefore
basically a purely linguistic problem.
• The only three basic facts about the Aryan problem are:
• 1. All the 12 branches are related to each other as
members of one IE “language family”.
• 2. All of them, if we go back far enough in time, must be
descended from the different dialects of one ancestral PIE
language.
• 3. And all of them originally inhabited one contiguous area:
the IE Homeland.
• But, there is no linguistic evidence for a non‐Indian
Homeland or against the OIT. In fact, as shown repeatedly,
all evidence supports the OIT, and, on examination, all the
arguments which are claimed to support the AIT actually
turn out to support the OIT. Some of the main evidence:
39. The Linguistic Evidence‐2.
• 1. Johanna Nichols, after voluminous research, concludes that
there are “Several kinds of evidence for the PIE locus [….]
Ancient loanwords point to a locus [….] probably far out in
the eastern hinterlands. The structure of the family tree, the
accumulation of genetic diversity at the western periphery
of the range, the location of Tocharian and its implications
for early dialect geography, the early attestation of Anatolian
in Asia Minor, and the geography of the centum‐satem split
all point in the same direction: a locus in western central
Asia. [….] the long standing westward trajectories of
languages point to an eastward locus, and the spread of IE
along all three trajectories points to a locus well to the east
of the Caspian Sea. The satem shift also spread from a locus
to the south‐east of the Caspian, with satem languages
showing up as later entrants along all three trajectory
terminals [….] The locus of the IE spread was therefore
somewhere in the vicinity of ancient Bactria‐Sogdiana.”
(NICHOLS 1997:137)..
40. The Linguistic Evidence‐3.
• 2. HH Hock points out that “the early Indo‐European
languages exhibit linguistic alignments which cannot be
captured by a tree diagram but which require a
dialectological approach that maps out a set of
intersecting ‘isoglosses’ which define areas with shared
features, along the lines of Figure 2. [….] Indo‐
Europeanists agree that these relationships reflect a stage
at which the different Indo‐European languages were still
just dialects of the ancestral language and as such
interacted with each other in the same way as the dialects
of modern languages” (HOCK 1999a:13).
• Hock claims that the pattern of these isoglosses rules out
the OIT, but in fact the Indian Homeland Case is the only
Homeland theory which explains all of these isoglosses.
And it fits in perfectly with the textual evidence for the OIT
(see TALAGERI 2008:205‐307).
41. The Linguistic Evidence‐4.
• 3. The development of the Indo‐European decimal number
words clearly took place within India. There are four stages
in the development of decimals 1‐100:
• a) The unknown and unrecorded PIE and Hittite numbers 1‐
100 may have been in stage 1 or stage 2.
• b) Sanskrit in India, Tocharian to the north of India, and
Spoken Sinhalese to the south of India, are in stage 2.
• c) All the other extra‐Indian branches (Italic, Celtic,
Germanic, Baltic, Slavic, Albanian, Greek, Armenian,
Iranian) as well as Literary Sinhalese (based on a stage 3
Prakrit) are in stage 3. So are Dravidian languages.
d) Only modern Indo‐Aryan languages are in stage 4.
• It is clear that all three IE stages (2,3,4) developed in India,
and the other IE branches migrated out during stage 3,
during which the Dravidian numbers also got frozen.
42. The Linguistic Evidence‐5.
• 4. Linguistic Paleontology is the reconstruction of the common
environment of the IE people in their Original Homeland on the
basis of common words (mainly common plant and animal names).
It was argued that these were all “temperate environment animal
and plant names”, and reflected a Steppe Homeland.
• But the fact is that all the common names are found in both India
and Europe because the animals and plants concerned are found in
both India and Europe, so the argument was toothless.
•However, there are common IE names for elephant/ ivory : Skt.
ibha, Greek erepa/elephas, Latin ebur, Hittite laḫpa.
• [From root ṛabh/labh (=rbha/ḷbha) "to grasp“ as in the related
name ṛbhu, and the etymology is the same as for Sanskrit hastin].
• India is the only IE language speaking area which has elephants.
This evidence conclusively proves the Indian homeland and OIT
case (and hence it has been consistently stonewalled).
43. The Linguistic Evidence‐6.
• 5. The western and particularly the five European
branches of IE have borrowed from a number of other
language families as they moved west from India,
giving testimony to their movement through Central
Asia and the Eurasian Steppes: from Chinese (CHANG
) AE ) 1988), Yeneseian and Altaic (GAMKRELIDZE 1995) and
Semitic through Caucasian (NICHOLS 1997).
• The two words much discussed as borrowings from
proto‐Semitic to PIE (wine and taurus) are found in the
eight branches of IE languages to the west of the
Semitic longitudes, but not in the three branches
(Indo‐Aryan, Iranian and Tocharian) to the east, again
confirming that the movement of the IE languages was
from the east to the west.
44. The Linguistic Evidence‐7.
• 6. Isidore Dyen, in a paper presented in 1966 and
published in 1970, makes out a case showing the
similarities between many basic words reconstructed in
the proto‐Indo‐European and proto‐Austronesian
languages, including such basic words as the first four
numerals, many of the personal pronouns, and the
words for "water" and "land". And Dyen points out that
"the number of comparisons could be increased at
least slightly, perhaps even substantially, without a
severe loss of quality" (DYEN 1970:439).
• Any connections between the proto‐Indo‐European
and proto‐Austronesian languages could only have
taken place in India, the easternmost IE speaking area.
45. The Linguistic Evidence‐8.
• 7. The Uralic languages of Eastern Europe contain a very large
number of basic cultural words borrowed from Indo‐Aryan and
Iranian (KUZMINA 2001). This is taken as evidence of an “Indo‐
Iranian” movement from the Steppes. But the movement is actually
in the opposite direction:
• a) All these massive and basic borrowings are in only one direction:
every single one is from "Indo‐Iranian" to Uralic. There is not a
single accepted example of a borrowing in the opposite direction.
This happens only when a group of migrants from one area go to
another distant area, and the immigrant languages slowly become
extinct. The local languages continue to have words borrowed from
the immigrants, but the immigrants’ language in their original home
(naturally) remains unaffected: (e.g. Arabic in Islamic India, Sanskrit
in medieval SEA).
• b) One of the words borrowed by the Uralic languages is the
Bactrian word for camel.
46. The Linguistic Evidence‐9.
• 8. Linguistic elements classified by the AIT linguistic paradigm
as pre‐Indo‐Aryan or even pre‐Indo‐Iranian are found to the
east of the Rigvedic area within India rather than to the
distant west, indicating that the earlier linguistic phases were
within India:
• a) The PIE distinction between r and l (DESHPANDE 1995).
• b) Many words and forms "which are clearly of IA, or even IE,
origin, but have no attested Skt equivalent“ [….] and are not
derivatives of MIA (Middle Indo‐Aryan Prakrits), since “can be
shown not to be MIA innovations, because the formation
could only have evolved in a pre‐MIA phonetic form, or
because a direct equivalent is found in an IE language other
than Skt” (NORMAN 1995:282).
• c) Many unsuspected words in Sinhalese which show forms
closer to other IE branches than to Sanskrit, e.g. Sinhalese
watura (English water, Hittite watar).
47. The Linguistic Evidence‐10.
• Many more significant pieces of linguistic
evidence which very sharply negate the AIT and
very clearly prove the OIT could be cited (and
have been cited in my books and articles). There
are many more in Nicholas Kazanas’ writings on
IE linguistics. Also in the writings of Koenraad Elst
and some others.
• But this should be enough here. It need only be
noted that the linguistic evidence for the OIT is
solid, fact‐based and logical and cannot be
refuted, while the linguistic arguments for the AIT
are wishful, speculative, naïve and based on
special pleading, and easily refuted.
48. What Next?
• The OIT case is now irrefutable (whether anyone likes my
use of that word or not). But still the political dice is loaded
aainst the OIT. So what next?
• Scholars doing research on the OIT can only continue doing
their work, finding newer and newer evidence, answering
objections and queries, and (easily) refuting new AIT
arguments (which can only be as flimsy as the older ones).
• Beyond that, we can only hope:
• 1. That the political dice becomes slightly less loaded
against us ─ a very big hope indeed.
• 2. That the AIT side makes the mistake of daring to take on
the OIT side in debate ─ again a very big hope.
• Beyond continuing to work and to hope, there is little we
can do.
APPENDIX added 20/2/2023:
The following is so absurd that I should not even be discussing it seriously, and no-one in their right senses will take it seriously either. But I am adding this appendix to show the low level of intellectual thinking involved in criticisms that are raised by the stumbling block legions of "Hindus" to even any rational understanding, let alone rational analysis, of the problem.
After I uploaded the powerpoint (in a converted word-document form) on my blog above, here is a series of twitter comments made by a person (who I think is not even inimical in general to my OIT case), who clearly belongs to the group I have referred to in slide 3 of my above blog as "the second group [which] totally rejects the idea of an Aryan immigration, and totally rejects or ignores the idea of an Indo-European language family distinct from a Dravidian language family, and considers the non‐Indian IE languages as representative of the ancient influence of a highly civilized Vedic India on the rest of the world."
Here are the tweets:
Unfortunately, these people who raise meaningless objections seem to have no idea at all about the most basic issues being discussed. In this case, the objector seems to be unable to understand the kindergarten-level difference between languages and alphabets. He feels that languages using the same or similar alphabets should be classified as belonging to one family, and languages using different alphabets cannot belong to the same family!!
By this incredible logic:
1. English (for example) and Sanskrit belong to different families because they use "different" alphabets.
2. Sanskrit and the Dravidian languages belong to one family because they use "similar" alphabets.
3. But then, as per the logic, English and all other languages which use the same Roman alphabet belong to one family. This includes (besides many IE languages) countless languages all over the world, including Turkish, Bahasa Indonesia, Tagalog and Vietnamese in Asia; Swahili and Zulu in Africa; and Quechua and Hawaiian in the Americas!!
Sir I attended this talk. Very nice discussion. You're the one man army for OIT🙏
ReplyDeleteShrikantmaam, thank you for this great article. I just wanted to point out what seems to me to be a typo - you wrote 'madar' instead of 'mother' in the case of English.
ReplyDeleteThank you very much for pointing out this typo, which was there in all the three forms: in the powerpoint, the pdf and the word document uploaded on my blog. In correcting it I noticed other typos in the line on Old Slavic and corrected them. And there are some conversion errors of spacing when uploading the word document form on my blog, which don't seem to get corrected so easily (e.g. on the slide showing the words for "three") without further skewing the spacing, so I have let them remain..
DeleteThis comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteThis comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteTalageri, you should have a debate with Michael Witzel or another prominentAIT scholar. I have heard Creationists and debating Scientists over Evolution, let us have OIT and AIT in a live debate.
ReplyDeleteThat is just what I have been saying for years now. Not just Witzel, but anyone from the AIT side who is willing to take the risk. As I said in the above article also, we can only hope "That the AIT side makes the mistake of daring to take on the OIT side in debate ─ again a very big hope"
DeleteShrikantmaam, it would be even better if the pro-AIT side in said debate is led by pro-Hindutva commentators like Manasataramgini. That way, the debate will be likely purely scholarly in nature, given that both you and Manasataramgini are proud Hindu nationalists; at least the filthy and anti-Hindu commentary which distinguished the likes of Witzel will be avoided.
DeleteShrikant ji, Semenenko in the Sangam Talk linked below (to the right time coordinate) in reply to a question regarding your work on the OIT, says the RV is the work of yogis and those who find historical data in it are wrong. I don't know how it's possible to maintain this after all the work that's been done in this field. There could be multiple levels of meaning, including symbolic and spiritual, in the RV, but to say there is NO historical data or events in it... I found that a little strange coming from a present day OIT scholar - he even says that people who treat it literally and historically are not scientists, and the scholarly consensus is that it is a purely symbolic text, etc.
ReplyDeletehttps://youtu.be/MLnQ8eyG4gA?t=3845
I am quite used to these people being against my work, and by "these people" I mean even the few that I have cited for their work (except Koenraad): Nicholas Kazanas (whom I will continue to praise for his original work on PIE linguistics) is very much against me and makes nasty comments on my work. He also believes with religious fervor that Vedic is practically equivalent to PIE, and (if you read my article on him), you will see that he has frequently plagiarized ideas from my writings and elaborated on them without giving me credit. I have no doubt Semenenko (whom I have justly praised for his two recent talks that I have cited in my above talk), if he makes such foolish comments about the Rigveda as you cite, is equally "spiritually" inclined and narrow-minded. Which is why we can accept their original findings, and praise them for those findings, but ultimately they also harbor the closed views which I have described in my above talk in respect of other anti-AIT writers.
DeleteAll this only shows again with frightening clarity why the task of presenting a fully rational OIT case and successfully getting it established is such a difficult task, and why I feel that work and hope are the only two things I can do in the face of all these heavy odds stacked against me and against the Truth.
I have read that article you wrote on Nicholas Kazanas' plagiarism, and I had already suspected as much, earlier, when I read some of his articles dealing with comparative mythologies and legends, which made no mention of what you'd written on the subject in your first two books.
DeleteLeave aside the debate with the pro-AIT group, it looks like there needs to be a closed doors meeting of the OIT group to possibly decide what to highlight and what to leave out (as much as it might be a pet project of some scholars) for the good of the cause, so to speak. But of course that's not going to happen, since they're probably looking at their own agendas more than a solid wall of OIT defence.
Shrikant ji, which are the books by Prof BB Lal that you recommend reading on the correspondences between Vedic culture and the Indus-Saraswati civilisation? And do you know of the book "In Search of Vedic-Harappan Relationship" edited by Ashvini Agrawal?
Thank you Shri Shrikant ji for an excellent presentation.
ReplyDeleteIt is very comprehensive.
Sir now one more new theory out of eastern iran theory.
ReplyDeleteThis comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteIn 2,300 BCE India had a very good civilization this stretched from Eastern Afghanistan to Gujarat.
DeleteThey traded with Mesopotamia.
This civilization had started around 3,300 BCE.
So what was the relationship of this civilization with the various cultures you named.
I just pasted what was the synopsis of the book by Asko Parpola,
Deletehttps://academic.oup.com/book/27664/chapter-abstract/197781434?redirectedFrom=fulltext
here is the summary that I posted given..I do not believe in this but this is what Asko Parpola believes
Sir when did the Druhyus migrated from India according to you. Because Māndhātṛ who was a PreVedic king had expelled the Druhyus from Punjab, long before the composition of RV.
ReplyDeleteTalageri ji answer to a similar question on another blog post:
Deletehttps://talageri.blogspot.com/2020/07/the-full-out-of-india-case-in-short.html?showComment=1595869774803#c884542650359718513
The answer essentially is sometime before 3,000 BCE.