Sunday, 19 February 2023

The “Aryan” Debate: Getting Serious About It

 

The “Aryan” Debate: Getting Serious About It

 

Shrikant G. Talageri

 

Sangam Talks, Recorded 17/2/2023,

To Be Uploaded on youtube in March 2023

 

Below is the Word Document form of the Power-Point Presentation (48 slides), since PPPs cannot be uploaded on the blog.

The pdf of the PPP is uploaded on academia-edu.

  

 

1. The Two Intransigent Sides.

• The AIT‐anti‐AIT debate (without the OIT) has

landed in an impasse because the two sides are

governed by certain intransigent attitudes:

• The AIT scholars and laymen insist their theory is

final and unchallengeable, and refuse to examine

the evidence for the OIT, choosing simply to pull

academic rank, or indulge in political name‐

calling and label‐sticking against the OIT writers.

• The anti‐AIT scholars and laymen insist there is

no AIT case or that it is already vanquished, and

therefore there is no need to waste time on

something which does not exist, or no sense in

"flogging" a dead horse .

 

 

2. Why is the OIT necessary?‐1.

• The intransigent anti‐AIT side believes in refuting the

AIT only by showing that the Rigveda goes back to pre‐

2000 BCE dates, and that the archaeological or

“genetic” data shows continuity, or that the Vedic

people were in India long before that date and are

identical or near‐identical with the Harappan people

whose roots go back deep into the soil.

But they do not see any reason to postulate an OIT, and

prefer to ignore the whole question of an Indo‐

European language family and IE migrations, and

believe that merely by showing that Vedic culture is old

and rooted in the Indian soil automatically disproves

the AIT. There are two broad groups among them.

 

 

3. Why is the OIT necessary?‐2.

• The first group among them is only concerned

with showing that the Vedic Aryan culture was a

civilized (and not a nomadic) culture identical

with the highly civilized Harappan culture, and

are not against postulating an “Aryan”

immigration before the Harappan period.

• The second group totally rejects the idea of an

Aryan  immigration, and totally rejects or

ignores the idea of an Indo‐European language

family distinct from a Dravidian language family, 

and considers the non‐Indian IE languages as

representative of the ancient influence of a highly

civilized Vedic India on the rest of the world.

 

 

4. Why is the OIT necessary?‐3.

• The first group (who do not mind shifting the date of

an “Aryan immigration” by several millenniums) is

wrong because they are ignorant of, or deliberately

ignore or reject, the fact that the linguistic facts and

the common technological words among the 12

geographically widely separated branches of IE

languages show that the 12 branches were

geographically located in contiguous areas till a period

around 3500‐3000 BCE. So they could not have

separated from each other (in any AIT scenario) in any

Homeland far from India in any theory which could

logistically bring the “Aryans” into India from that

Homeland before 2000 BCE.

 

 

5. Why is the OIT necessary?‐4.

• The second group is wrong because the linguistic

facts definitely show that the 12 branches do indeed

form one single language family (which is given the

name Indo‐European, or in certain contexts “Aryan”).

• And this language family is indeed different from the

languages of South India which form a different

language family, which is given the name Dravidian.

• The similarities between the 12 branches are not

based on influence but on family‐relationship.

• And the similarities between the Indo‐Aryan branch

and Dravidian are not based on family‐relationship

but on influence.  

 

 

6. Why is the OIT necessary?‐5.

• Thus, languages can be influenced into borrowing

words for relation words and number words, so

Indians today can use English relation words (like

mummy, daddy, uncle, aunty), or English number

words (hundred, fifty, million) while speaking in

their own languages.

• We can show that the Indo‐Aryan languages are

related to the other IE languages outside India on

the basis of closely similar relation words and

number words, which is strong evidence that

they are related languages and that the Dravidian

languages are not related to them, but it is not

clinching evidence.

 

 

7. Why is the OIT necessary?‐6.

• Thus relation words:

Sanskrit: pitar, mātar, bhrātar, svasar, sūnu, duhitar. 

English: father, mother, brother, sister, son, daughter.

Persian: pidar, mādar, birādar, xvāsar/xvāhar, hūnu

(in Avestan), duxtar.

Tocharian B: pācer, mācer, procer, ṣer, soy, tkācer.

Old Slavonic: otĭcĭ, mati, brat(r)ŭ, sestra, synŭ, dŭštĭ.

Latin: pater, māter, frāter, soror, —, —.

Old Irish: athair, máthair, bráthair, sïur, —, —.

• [Compare Tamil: tandai, tāy, aṇṇan/tambi, akkāḷ/tangi,

peyan, peṇ] .

 

 

8. Why is the OIT necessary?‐7.

• Or numbers. Take just the words for “three”:

Indo‐Aryan: Sanskrit tri/trīṇi, Sinhalese tuna, Kashmiri tre, Hindi tīn,

Marathi tīn, Konkani tīni, Guarati traṇ, Sindhi , Punabi tinna,

Nepali tīna, Bengali tina, Oriya tini, Assamese tini, etc. Also 

Romany (Gypsy) trin, Mitanni tera.

Iranian: Avestan thri, Persian /, Baluchi , Kurdish 

Ossetic erte, Pashto dray.

Other IE: Greek treis, Albanian tre, English three, German drei,

Dutch drie, Swedish tre, Danish tre, Norwegian tre, Icelandic ϸryu,

Gothic ϸrija, Latin tres, French trois, Spanish tres, Portuguese 

três, Catalan tres, Italian tre, Romanian trei, Russian tri, Belarusian tri,

Ukrainian try, Macedonian tri, Polish trzy, Czech tři, Slovak tri,

Slovenian tríje, Serbian tri, Croatian tri, Lithuanian trys, Latvian tris,

Irish trī, Welsh tri, Tocharian trai, Hittite tēries.

• [Compare Dravidian: Tamil mūnṛu, Malayalam mūnnu, Telugu

mūḍu, Kannada mūru, Tulu mūji, Gond mūnd, Toda mūd, Kodagu

mūdu, Brahui musit]

 

 

9. Why is the OIT necessary?‐8.

• Therefore while the relation words and number words

very clearly show the relationship between the

different IE branches, and the difference between the

IE and Dravidian families, the evidence is strong but

not clinching and final, because (although the

geography and history of the individual IE branches

does not account for such total adoption of borrowed

words) it is at least a fact that such words can be

borrowed in general.

• However, certain words can almost never be borrowed 

by any language from another language: in this

category come personal pronouns and the

 fundamental tense forms of the basic verb "to be" .

 

 

10. Why is the OIT necessary?‐9.

• See the words for the second‐person singular personal pronoun:

Indo‐Aryan: Sanskrit tu‐, Hindi , Marathi , Konkani tūȗva, Sindhi

tuȗ, Punjabi tūȗ, Gujarati , Bengali tui, Oriya tu, Assamese toi,

Kashmiri tsa, Romany (Gypsy) tu.

Iranian: Avestan , Persian tu, Pashto tu, Kurdish tu, Baluchi tæw.

Other IE: Latin , Italian tu, Spanish tu, Portuguese tu, French tu,

Romanian tu, Catalan tu, Irish tu, Scots‐Gaelic thu, Welsh ti, Old

English thū (later English thou), Icelandic thu, German du,

Norwegian du, Danish du, Swedish du, Old Church Slavic ty, Russian

ty, Belarusian ty, Polish ty, Czech ty, Slovak ty, Ukrainian ty,

Bulgarian ti, Serbian ti, Croatian ti, Slovenian ti, Macedonian ti,

Bosnian ti, Armenian du, Albanian ti, Doric Greek tu, Lithuanian tu,

Latvian tu, Tocharian tu, Hittite tadu.

• [Compare Dravidian: Tamil , Malayalam , Toda , Kota , Brahui

, Kurukh nīn, Kannada nīnu, Kolami nīv, Naiki nīv, Teluu nīvu].



11. Why is the OIT necessary?‐10.

• See the words for (I) am, (thou) art, (he/she/it) is.

12 Indo‐European branches:

Sanskritasmiasiasti.        Avestan: ahmīahīastī.

Homeric Greekeimiessiesti.        Latin: sumesest.

Gothicemertest.        Hittiteēšmiēššiēšzi.

Old Irishamatis.       Russianesmyesiesty.

Lithuanianesmiesiesti.        Albanianjamjeishtë.

Armenianemesê.        Tocharian: ‐am, ‐at, ‐aṣ.

• [Compare DravidianTamilirukkiŗēnirukkiŗāy,        

irukkiŗān/irukkiŗāḷ/irukkiŗadu.

Kannadaiddēneiddiiddāne/iddāḷe/ide.

Teluguunnānuunnāvuunnāḍu/unnadi/unnadi].

 

 

12. Why is the OIT necessary?‐11.

• Even the different modern Indian languages have

words more slightly different from each other than the

12 older IE branch words are from each other:

Marathiāheāhesāhe.        Konkaniɑ:ssaɑ:ssaɑ:ssa.

Hindihaihai.        Gujaratichũcheche.

Bengaliāchi,  ācha,  āche.        Sindhiāhyẫ,  āhĩ,  āhe

Punjabihẫ,  haĩ,  hai.

• You can borrow the relation words and number words

from another language, but not the personal pronouns

or the fundamental tense forms of the basic verb “to

be ”. The personal pronouns and forms of “to be” prove

that the 12 branches of IE languages are related to

each other, but not to the Dravidian languages.

 

 

13. Why is the OIT necessary?‐12.

• Therefore, the following facts have to be accepted:

• The “12 branches of IE languages” are indeed actually

12 related branches of one language‐family.

• Therefore they (i.e. their earlier ancestral forms) must

have been spoken in one geographically restricted

contiguous area: the Homeland.

• Therefore either the non‐Indian IE languages went

from an Indian Homeland to their respective historical

habitats, or the Indian IE languages (Indo‐Aryan) came

to India from an external Homeland. It has to be one or

the other: there is no third option.

• Ignoring this logic, and refusing to accept the need and

importance of an OIT case for a full refutation of the

AIT is therefore a myopic attitude.   

 

 

14. Why is the OIT necessary?‐13.

• There are broadly three claimants for the Proto‐Indo‐European

Homeland: the Pontic‐Caspian Steppes, Anatolia, and India.

• Proponents of the Pontic Caspian Steppe Homeland Theory or the

Anatolian Homeland Theory have to present only one set of

arguments: arguments for their Homeland theory. Neither of the

two has to present a case against an invasion/immigration theory in

respect of the Pontic‐Caspian Steppes or Anatolia. Their differences

with each other are only about the Homeland, both are agreed in

the case of India about the AIT.

• However, for a very great number of reasons, proponents of the

Indian Homeland Theory are compelled to present two sets of

arguments:  arguments for the Homeland theory, and arguments

against the AIT. When anti‐AIT scholars fail to understand the vital

need for a full‐fledged OIT case, and only argue against the AIT

without seeing the need for an alternative OIT, they are sabotaging

their own case or converting it into a half‐case.

 

 

15. The Basic Issues in the Debate‐1.

• The basic issue in the debate is that there are 12 branches

of related (IE) languages historically spoken in different

areas. All of them have to have spread out from one

Original Homeland. The basic question is: where is this

Homeland situated?

• There are two related but different questions involved

here: 1. What was the linguistic situation between these 12

branches within the Homeland? 2. What were the different

ways in which these  branches reached their different

historical habitats from this Homeland?

• The earliest existence of these 12 branches (10 living and 2

extinct) is known only from their earliest recorded presence

in their 12 areas. So the second question can only be

sought to be answered by means of analysis of all the

available data from the relevant fields of scientific study.

 

 

16. The Basic Issues in the Debate‐2.

• The first question also, in respect of the Steppe Homeland

and Anatolian Homeland Theories, can only be sought to be

answered by means of analysis of the available data from

the relevant fields of scientific study.

• However, in the case of the Indian Homeland Theory,  the

first question can be answered on the basis of the actual

recorded history of the Indo‐European branches in the

Original Homeland in India, recorded and provable on the

basis of data from the oldest recorded text, the Rigveda,

and the traditional historical narratives contained in the

Puranas.

• Thus while the Steppe Homeland and Anatolian Homeland

Theories are wholly based on hypothesis, the Indian

Homeland Case alone provides a full‐fledged case with

actual recorded data on the history within the Homeland.

 

 

17. The Basic Issues in the Debate‐3.

• What are the “relevant fields of scientific study”?

• 1. The two primary relevant fields of scientific study

are Linguistics (since the whole debate is about the

origin and migration of languages), and Analysis of

Textual/Inscriptional/Other‐Recorded‐Data (since

ancient language and history become known only

through decipherable records).

• 2. Archaeology is a primary relevant field when the

archaeological records contain actual decipherable

linguistic material. Otherwise it is the most important

secondary relevant field.

• 3. All other fields of scientific study are secondary or

tertiary fields in relevance, and become important in

the manner in which they fit in with the above data.    

 

 

18. The OIT Case in Short‐1.

• 1. The Rigveda is the oldest recorded IE language

document. As I have shown in my books and articles, the

Mitanni evidence in West Asia shows that the proto‐

Mitanni people had migrated from the Rigvedic area during

the full‐fledged period of composition of the New Rigveda,

and that this takes the period of the oldest parts of the Old

Rigveda beyond 3000 BCE.

• 2. In this period (beyond 3000 BCE), the composers of the

Old Rigveda were initially inhabitants of an area centered

around Haryana, east of the Punjab. And they had no

memories of an external origin, or knowledge of extra‐

Indian areas, or of having come from elsewhere, and were

attached to their area with ancestral ties. And they had no

acquaintance with any local non‐IE people, and had purely

Indo‐Aryan names for the local rivers and animals.

 

 

19. The OIT Case in Short‐2.

• 3. But the accepted linguistic evidence shows that the

12 branches were geographically located in contiguous

areas till a period around 35003000 BCE. So, at the

time of composition of the Old Rigveda, the proto‐

speakers of the other 11 branches  (and the Iranian

speakers for a longer period after that) must have been

located near to the Rigvedic people, in areas to their

west and northwest.

• 4. Therefore there has to be some evidence of

correlation between the linguistic 12‐branch‐IE

paradigm, and the traditional historical paradigm of

different peoples or tribes living in North and

I Northwestern India. 

 

 

20. The OIT Case in Short‐3.

• 5. As I have shown in my books and articles, the traditional

historical paradigm talks of all the people of India being

descended from the ten sons of the mythical ancient king

Manu Vaivasvata. But the traditional histories concentrate

only on the history of two main Lunar tribes (PūrusYadus)

and one Solar tribe (Ikṣvākus). The Yadus are to the south

of the Rigvedic area, and the Ikṣvākus far to its east.

• 6. The Pūrus are located in the “center” in and around the

Kurukṣetra area of Haryana: i.e. in the Rigvedic area itself.

So it is clear that the Pūrus were the Vedic Aryans.

• 7. The Anus and Druhyus are located to the west and

northwest of the Pūrus, and the traditional literature

records the migration of the Druhyus out of India through

Central Asia after which they fade out from Indian history.

The Anus then occupy the areas to the west of the Pūrus.

 

 

21. The OIT Case in Short‐4.

• 8. Therefore, it is clear that the Druhyus represent the first

IE migration of branches out of India.

• 9. The Rigveda records a major event, the dāśarājña battle

on the central river of the Punjab between the Pūru king

Sudās and 10 tribes from among the Anus, after which

large sections of the Anus migrate westwards from India,

constituting the second IE migration.

• 10. In 4 verses from 2 hymns (out of 1028 hymns and

10552 verses in the text), the Rigveda records the names of

the Anu tribes who fought against Sudās. All the names

can be identified with the later historical names of people

belonging to four of the IE branches (IranianArmenian,

AlbanianGreek), which are the very four branches (along

with IndoAryan) which linguists have identified as the Last

Branches in the Homeland.

 

 

22. The OIT Case in Short‐5.

• 11. The OIT case has been presented in detail in my

article “The Aryan Story vs. True Aryan History” and

the entire case with all the evidence till then from

different fields has been given in my article “The Full

Out‐of‐India Case in short, revised and enlarged

20/7/2020". The full linguistic case has been given

again in my article “The Complete Linguistic case for

the Out‐of‐India Theory”.

• Objections raised by critics on specific points (even if

made on twitter) have been completely answered by

me in numerous articles after that, and minor

additional evidence (after the above summaries) has

been given in newer articles. The case has now been

presented in full.

 

 

23. The OIT Case in Short‐6.

• The most important other scholars (I am only

naming the most important ones: there are many

other important ones) who have presented

extremely valuable evidence are BB Lal (on the

archaeological front), Nicholas Kazanas (on the

linguistic front), and AA Semenenko and

Koenraad Elst (both on a wide number of front

and on summarizations of the case). The entire

case is now unanswerable, and the only major

thing preventing it from being accepted is politics

and coordinated stonewalling from the deeply

entrenched vested interests on the "AIT side".

 

 

24. The Internal Stumbling Blocks‐1.

• While blaming the AIT side, we cannot remain silent on the

numerous internal stumbling blocks (from within the anti‐AIT

and General “Hindu” sides):

• Firstly, the AIT is backed by a wide spectrum of official

national and international academic, media and political

forces, while the OIT version is officially a neglected orphan.

• Secondly, as already described, most anti‐AIT writers do not

go beyond proving the antiquity of Vedic civilization and its

identity with the Harappan civilization, and, as already

described, many of them refuse to accept the importance of

proving the OIT on linguistic and textual grounds.

• But there are other vested interests, even from among those

who may not be inimical to the idea of an OIT, or may even be

supporters, which have contributed to fudging the issues and

preventing the united presentation of a full OIT version:

 

 

25. The Internal Stumbling Blocks‐2.

• 1. First of course are the fundamentalist religious

elements who insist that the Vedas are divine, timeless,

“revealed” texts which cannot contain historical

material; and who reject any analysis which uses

“western” tools like linguistics, “western” concepts like

the ideas of “language family”, “PIE”, etc, and which

goes beyond the traditional (pre‐colonial) Indian

methods and parameters of textual analysis.

• 2. Then there are those whose only demand is that

Vedic Sanskrit must be acknowledged as the original

PIE parent language, and the IE migrants from India

must be treated as emigrants from a Vedic culture  who

took this culture out from India all the way to Europe.

 

 

26. The Internal Stumbling Blocks‐3.

• 3. There is a large body of Hindus addicted to the idea that

Vedic culture was the source and fountainhead of at least the

whole of Indian culture and civilization, if not world culture

and civilization, and who therefore try to trace all the

languages and cultures of India from Vedic culture. The idea

that Vedic culture was the culture of just one tribe, the Pūrus,

among the many cultures of many ancient Indian tribes, is

particularly unacceptable to them as they feel it amounts to

"reducing"  the status of the Rigveda and the Vedic texts,

people, culture and heritage.

• They are paralleled by archaeologists, geneticists and others

who want to derive all Indian cultures, and even people, as

descended from the people and/or culture of the Harappan

people.

 

 

27. The Internal Stumbling Blocks‐4.

• 4. There is again a large body of Hindus who feel Indian

history should be written according to the Puranas and

Epics and want accounts of Vedic history to include and

account for every major or important king, dynasty,

kingdom, and sage recorded in these texts. They claim to go

by the Puranic lists (even counting “number of generations”

between different kings, etc.) although the various analysts

of the Puranas (Pargiter, Smith, Pusalker, etc.) have given

different lists, and most of the stories are clearly late and

jumbled interpolations.

• A study of the data in the Puranas and Epics is a separate

important  field in itself. But the obsession with combining

Rigvedic and Puranic/Epic persons and events leads to utter

chaos, especially when it intrudes into the Rigvedic analysis

with reference to the IE/Aryan debate.

 

 

28. The Internal Stumbling Blocks‐5.

• 5. In this context, there is a group of scholars who want to

locate the origin of at least the major Puranic/Epic persons,

dynasties and tribes (mainly the Ikṣvākus and Yadus who

occupy as important a place in traditional Indian texts as

the Pūrus) in the region of the Rigvedic people, on the

banks of the Sarasvati, or in the cities of the Harappan

civilization, even when it goes completely against the

geographical data in both the Rigveda as well as in the

Puranas and Epics. This leads to a full‐fledged agenda of

misinterpretation and distortion of the Rigvedic (and

Puranic/Epic) data.

• 6. Then, there is of course a large group of writers, whose

only agenda is to take traditional Indian historical events

back by thousands, ten thousands or even lakhs of years,

by resorting to “evidence” from a wide range of “sciences”.

This group is generally only obsessed with chronology.

 

 

29. The Internal Stumbling Blocks‐6.

• Every single one of these groups has large fan followings,

which are as militantly up‐in‐arms (in the social media,

where all the battles seem to take place nowadays) against

any rational OIT and any rational interpretation of historical

data, as any AIT fans. In the face of all this, AIT protagonists

naturally have a field day in stonewalling the OIT.

The OIT is basically irrefutable, and we can only keep

strengthening its irrefutable nature by presenting new

evidence whenever it comes up, and logically refuting all

arguments against the OIT and arguments for the AIT. But

unless there is a rational consensus among Hindus of all

brands, the stalemate will only continue, and the victory of

the OIT will only remain confined to a few echo‐chambers.

• Here I will present the archaeological case for the OIT, and

then list out the linguistic evidence in short.

 

 

30. The Archaeological Evidence‐1.

• 1. Archaeology has been unable to provide any evidence for

the movement of IE groups from the Steppes to Central

Asia, or from Central Asia to the Vedic‐Harappan area, or

from the Vedic Harappan area to the rest of North India. In

fact, archaeologically, the PIE, “Proto‐Indo‐Iranian” and

even Vedic cultures (since the Harappan sites are rejected

by the AIT) have not been identified anywhere .

• Attempts to identify the trail of “Indo‐Iranians” from the

Steppes to India have been dismissed by eminent

archaeologists like Francfort and LambergKarlovsky as

cases of attempts to gratuitously identify simply any

archaeological materials found at sites which fall on the

purely hypothetical trail as “Indo‐Iranian”. As they point

out, by using such logic even sites of Chinese, Arabs, Turks

or the Plains Indians of North America could be similarly

declared Indo‐Iranian  (see TALAGERI 2008:338‐342).

 

 

31. The Archaeological Evidence‐2.

• 2. There is identifiable archaeological material for all the

other IE branches which at least shows the entry of

outsiders into the respective historical areas in periods

which fit in with the linguistic theory. But in the case of

India alone, even the archaeologists in an international

academic conference (volume edited by Witzel and Erdosy)

in Toronto in 1991 are unanimous in reiterating that there is

absolutely no archaeological evidence for any change in the

ethnic composition and the material culture in the

Harappan areas between “the 5 th /4 th and […] the 1 st

millennium B.C.”, and that there was “indigenous

development of South Asian civilization from the Neolithic

onward"; and further that any change which took place

before “the 5 th /4 th […] millennium B.C.” and in/after “the 1 st

millennium B.C.” is “too early and too late to have any

connection with 'Aryans'"  (See TALAGERI 2008:308-310).

 

 

32. The Archaeological Evidence‐3.

• 3. In matters of migrations, archaeological evidence can

only be found at the end point of major migrations, not at

the starting point. Even for the recorded migrations of

Europeans to the American continent, archaeological

material for it can be found in the Americas and not in

Europe. Later, native American artifacts would appear in

Europe, but only because the Europe‐America contacts

remained extremely strong and there was interaction.

• In the case of the IE migrations, we cannot expect to see

archaeological evidence of emigrations from India (or from

any other proposed Homeland), as there was no interaction

later, so it is futile to ask for archaeological evidence for the

 OIT in India. But the evidence for immigrations in all the

other IE areas, i.e. pointedly except in India, is itself strong

archaeological evidence for the OIT and against the AIT.   

 

 

33. The Archaeological Evidence‐4.

• 4. At the same time, archaeologists like BB Lal, and

numerous other scholars, e.g. AA Semenenko (in his

brilliant Sangam Talks presentation 29 Jan 2023) have

provided detailed data showing identity between Harappan

archaeology and Vedic texts. The presence of Vedic fire

altars in Harappan sites provides the biggest example.

• Those who object, pointing to the absence of reference to

certain special Harappan features in the Rigveda and other

Vedic texts, cannot provide any other archaeological sites

which can be identified as demonstrating special Vedic

features in areas and periods which can be fitted into the

AIT paradigm, so these objections cannot be taken

seriously.

• Basically, there is no archaeological evidence showing that

the Harappan civilization was non‐Vedic or non‐IE.

 

 

34. The Archaeological Evidence‐5.

• 5. One archaeological factor definitely proving the identity of the

Vedic and Harappan cultures (and in fact even the reconstructed

PIE culture) is the pastoral nature of the PIE and the Vedic

cultures.

The reconstructed proto‐IE pastoral vocabulary is most fully

represented in the Vedic vocabulary. But the only cattle found

archaeologically in the whole of India, from ancient times to

recent colonial times, is the Indian species, bos indicus,

domesticated by the Harappans. So this was obviously the only

species known to the Vedic people (and by implication to the PIE

people whose pastoral vocabulary is fully represented in Vedic).

Also: while there is evidence that there was no immigration of

western cattle into India, there is plenty of archaeological

evidence for the emigration of Indian cattle (and also elephants

and peacocks) to West Asia and Central Asia in periods

represented historically by the first appearance of the Mitanni in

West Asia.

 

 

35. The Archaeological Evidence‐6.

• 6. As a corollary to the above, the distribution of high

lactase persistence (the ability to digest milk even after

weaning, found only in pastoral communities) in India

to this day is found restricted to exactly the erstwhile

Harappan areas (map in ROMERO 2013:253).

• This proves that the Harappans, who were one of the

two domesticators of cattle species in the whole world

(and who also had milch buffaloes) and were therefore

highly lactase persistent, have been the inhabitants of

the Harappan areas from pre‐Harappan times to the

present day, and there have been no major population

movements of people (e.g. “Aryans”) from outside into

these areas, or of “Harappans” from these areas into

the Dravidian South.

 

 

36. The Archaeological Evidence‐7.

• 7. There have been many scholars in recent times who

have presented very significant archaeological data

l I i t showing movements of people from India to the west

identifiable with IE emigrations from India. A recent

presentation by A.A.Semenenko “Steppe Route of

Indo‐European Dispersals” (Sangam Talks, 12 Feb 2023)

is a prime example. He locates the PIE Homeland in

the border region between India and Iran , in short in

the very area where interaction continued between the

Pūru‐Anu‐Druhyu PIE groups after the Anus and

Druhyus had spread out from the east (as detailed in

my books and papers on the basis of the textual

evidence).

 

 

37. The Archaeological Evidence‐8.

• 8. Equally based on textual and archaeological evidence is the

date of the Rigveda as determined by the Mitanni data whose

name types are found only in the New Rigveda, but

completely missing in the Old Rigveda. This becomes

significant only because the archaeologically attested Mitanni

data from West Asia and Egypt, is scientifically dated in West

Asia to 1500 BCE and even earlier.

• The Mitanni, taking with them the vocabulary of the New

Rigveda, could only have migrated from India before 2000

BCE to account for the chronology of their attested presence.

The Old Rigveda must naturally come before the New

Rigveda, so its date (with its eastern geographical location and

purely Indo‐Aryan river names) goes back to far beyond 2500 

BCE. This amounts to proof against the AIT and for the OIT.

 

 

38. The Linguistic Evidence‐1.

• The AIT‐OIT debate is all about  languages, and therefore

basically a purely linguistic problem.

• The only three basic facts about the Aryan  problem are:

• 1. All the 12 branches are related to each other as

members of one IE “language family”.

• 2. All of them, if we go back far enough in time, must be

descended from the different dialects of one ancestral PIE

language.

• 3. And all of them originally inhabited one contiguous area:

the IE Homeland.

• But, there is no linguistic evidence for a non‐Indian

Homeland or against the OIT.  In fact, as shown repeatedly,

all evidence supports the OIT, and, on examination, all the

arguments which are claimed to support the AIT actually

turn out to support the OIT.  Some of the main evidence:

 

 

39. The Linguistic Evidence‐2.

• 1. Johanna Nichols, after voluminous research, concludes that

there are “Several kinds of evidence for the PIE locus [….]

Ancient loanwords point to a locus [….] probably far out in

the eastern hinterlands. The structure of the family tree, the

accumulation of genetic diversity at the western periphery

of the range, the location of Tocharian and its implications

for early dialect geography, the early attestation of Anatolian

in Asia Minor, and the geography of the centum‐satem split

all point in the same direction: a locus in western central

Asia. [….] the long standing westward trajectories of

languages point to an eastward locus, and the spread of IE

along all three trajectories points to a locus well to the east

of the Caspian Sea. The satem shift also spread from a locus

to the south‐east of the Caspian, with satem languages

showing up as later entrants along all three trajectory

terminals [….] The locus of the IE spread was therefore

somewhere in the vicinity of ancient Bactria‐Sogdiana.

(NICHOLS 1997:137)..

 

 

40. The Linguistic Evidence‐3.

• 2. HH Hock points out that “the early Indo‐European

languages exhibit linguistic alignments which cannot be

captured by a tree diagram but which require a

dialectological approach that maps out a set of

intersecting ‘isoglosses’ which define areas with shared

features, along the lines of Figure 2. [….] Indo‐

Europeanists agree that these relationships reflect a stage

at which the different Indo‐European languages were still

just dialects of the ancestral language and as such

interacted with each other in the same way as the dialects

of modern languages” (HOCK 1999a:13).

• Hock claims that the pattern of these isoglosses rules out

the OIT, but in fact the Indian Homeland Case is the only

Homeland theory which explains all of these isoglosses.

And it fits in perfectly with the textual evidence for the OIT

(see TALAGERI 2008:205‐307).

 

 

41. The Linguistic Evidence‐4.

• 3. The development of the Indo‐European decimal number

words clearly took place within India. There are four stages

in the development of decimals 1‐100:

• a) The unknown and unrecorded PIE and Hittite numbers 1‐

100 may have been in stage 1 or stage 2.

• b) Sanskrit in India, Tocharian to the north of India, and

Spoken Sinhalese to the south of India, are in stage 2.

• c) All the other extra‐Indian branches (ItalicCeltic,

GermanicBalticSlavicAlbanianGreekArmenian,

Iranian) as well as Literary Sinhalese (based on a stage 3

Prakrit) are in stage 3. So are Dravidian languages.

d) Only modern Indo‐Aryan languages are in stage 4.

It is clear that all three IE stages (2,3,4) developed in India,

and the other IE branches migrated out during stage 3,

during which the Dravidian numbers also got frozen.

 

 

42. The Linguistic Evidence‐5.

• 4. Linguistic Paleontology is the reconstruction of the common

environment of the IE people in their Original Homeland on the

basis of common words (mainly common plant and animal names).

It was argued that these were all “temperate environment animal

and plant names”, and reflected a Steppe Homeland.

• But the fact is that all the common names are found in both India

and Europe because the animals and plants concerned are found  in

both India and Europe, so the argument was toothless.

 

•However, there are  common IE names for elephant/  ivory : Skt.

ibha, Greek erepa/elephas, Latin ebur, Hittite laḫpa.

• [From root ṛabh/labh (=rbha/ḷbha) "to grasp“ as in the related

name ṛbhu,  and the etymology is the same as for Sanskrit hastin].

 

India is the only IE language speaking area which has elephants.

This evidence conclusively proves the Indian homeland and OIT

case (and hence it has been consistently stonewalled).

 

 

43. The Linguistic Evidence‐6.

• 5. The western and particularly the five European

branches of IE have borrowed from a number of other

language families as they moved west from India,

giving testimony to their movement through Central

Asia and the Eurasian Steppes: from Chinese (CHANG

) AE ) 1988), Yeneseian and Altaic (GAMKRELIDZE 1995) and

Semitic through Caucasian (NICHOLS 1997).

• The two words much discussed as borrowings from

protoSemitic to PIE (wine and taurus) are found in the

eight branches of IE languages to the west of the

Semitic longitudes, but not in the three branches

(IndoAryanIranian and Tocharian) to the east, again

confirming that the movement of the IE languages was

from the east to the west.

 

 

44. The Linguistic Evidence‐7.

• 6. Isidore Dyen, in a paper presented in 1966 and

published in 1970, makes out a case showing the

similarities between many basic words reconstructed in

the protoIndoEuropean and protoAustronesian

languages, including such basic words as the first four

numerals, many of the personal pronouns, and the

words for "water" and "land". And Dyen points out that

"the number of comparisons could be increased at

least slightly, perhaps even substantially, without a

severe loss of quality" (DYEN 1970:439).

• Any connections between the protoIndoEuropean

and protoAustronesian languages could only have

taken place in India, the easternmost IE speaking area.

 

 

45. The Linguistic Evidence‐8.

• 7. The Uralic languages of Eastern Europe contain a very large

number of basic cultural words borrowed from IndoAryan and

Iranian (KUZMINA 2001). This is taken as evidence of an “Indo

Iranian” movement from the Steppes. But the movement is actually

in the opposite direction:

• a) All these massive and basic borrowings are in only one direction:

every single one is from "IndoIranian" to Uralic. There is not a

single accepted example of a borrowing in the opposite direction.

This happens only when a group of migrants from one area go to

another distant area, and the immigrant languages slowly become

extinct. The local languages continue to have words borrowed from

the immigrantsbut the immigrants’ language in their original home

(naturally) remains unaffected: (e.g. Arabic in Islamic India, Sanskrit

in medieval SEA).

• b) One of the words borrowed by the Uralic languages is the

Bactrian word for camel.

 

 

46. The Linguistic Evidence‐9.

• 8. Linguistic elements classified by the AIT linguistic paradigm

as preIndoAryan or even preIndoIranian are found to the

east of the Rigvedic area within India rather than to the

distant west, indicating that the earlier linguistic phases were

within India:

• a) The PIE distinction between r and l (DESHPANDE 1995).

• b) Many words and forms "which are clearly of IA, or even IE,

origin, but have no attested Skt equivalent“ [….] and are not

derivatives of MIA (Middle Indo‐Aryan Prakrits), since “can be

shown not to be MIA innovations, because the formation

could only have evolved in a pre‐MIA phonetic form, or

because a direct equivalent is found in an IE language other

than Skt” (NORMAN 1995:282).

• c) Many unsuspected words in Sinhalese which show forms

closer to other IE branches than to Sanskrit, e.g. Sinhalese

watura (English waterHittite watar).

 

 

47. The Linguistic Evidence‐10.

• Many more significant pieces of linguistic

evidence which very sharply negate the AIT and

very clearly prove the OIT could be cited (and

have been cited in my books and articles). There

are many more in Nicholas Kazanas’ writings on

IE linguistics. Also in the writings of Koenraad Elst

and some others.

• But this should be enough here. It need only be

noted that the linguistic evidence for the OIT is

solid, fact‐based and logical and cannot be

refuted, while the linguistic arguments for the AIT

are wishful, speculative, naïve and based on

special pleading, and easily refuted.

 

 

48. What Next?

• The OIT case is now irrefutable (whether anyone likes my

use of that word or not). But still the political dice is loaded

aainst the OIT. So what next?

• Scholars doing research on the OIT can only continue doing

their work, finding newer and newer evidence, answering

objections and queries, and (easily) refuting new AIT

arguments (which can only be as flimsy as the older ones).

• Beyond that, we can only hope:

• 1. That the political dice becomes slightly less loaded

against us ─ a very big hope indeed.

• 2. That the AIT side makes the mistake of daring to take on

the OIT side in debate ─ again a very big hope.

• Beyond continuing to work and to hope, there is little we

can do.

 

APPENDIX added 20/2/2023:

The following is so absurd that I should not even be discussing it seriously, and no-one in their right senses will take it seriously either. But I am adding this appendix to show the low level of intellectual thinking involved in criticisms that are raised by the stumbling block legions of "Hindus" to even any rational understanding, let alone rational analysis, of the problem.

After I uploaded the powerpoint (in a converted word-document form) on my blog above, here is a series of twitter comments made by a person (who I think is not even inimical in general to my OIT case), who clearly belongs to the group I have referred to in slide 3 of my above blog as "the second group [which] totally rejects the idea of an Aryan  immigration, and totally rejects or ignores the idea of an Indo-European language family distinct from a Dravidian language family, and considers the non‐Indian IE languages as representative of the ancient influence of a highly civilized Vedic India on the rest of the world."

Here are the tweets:

 


Unfortunately, these people who raise meaningless objections seem to have no idea at all about the most basic issues being discussed. In this case, the objector seems to be unable to understand the kindergarten-level difference between languages and alphabets. He feels that languages using the same or similar alphabets should be classified as belonging to one family, and languages using different alphabets cannot belong to the same family!!

By this incredible logic:

1. English (for example) and Sanskrit belong to different families because they use "different" alphabets.

2. Sanskrit and the Dravidian languages belong to one family because they use "similar" alphabets.

3. But then, as per the logic, English and all other languages which use the same Roman alphabet belong to one family. This includes (besides many IE languages) countless languages all over the world, including Turkish, Bahasa Indonesia, Tagalog and Vietnamese in Asia; Swahili and Zulu in Africa; and Quechua and Hawaiian in the Americas!!

 
I don't think I could provide a better illustration of the kind of meaningless arguments which are bandied about and which trivializes the whole discussion to such low levels and tires out serious scholars. I really do not know if these objectors (not confined only to the one illustrated above) base their "objections" on real abysmal ignorance, but it serves to skew the discussion. 

 

 

18 comments:

  1. Sir I attended this talk. Very nice discussion. You're the one man army for OIT🙏

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  2. Shrikantmaam, thank you for this great article. I just wanted to point out what seems to me to be a typo - you wrote 'madar' instead of 'mother' in the case of English.

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    1. Thank you very much for pointing out this typo, which was there in all the three forms: in the powerpoint, the pdf and the word document uploaded on my blog. In correcting it I noticed other typos in the line on Old Slavic and corrected them. And there are some conversion errors of spacing when uploading the word document form on my blog, which don't seem to get corrected so easily (e.g. on the slide showing the words for "three") without further skewing the spacing, so I have let them remain..

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  3. This comment has been removed by the author.

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  4. This comment has been removed by the author.

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  5. Talageri, you should have a debate with Michael Witzel or another prominentAIT scholar. I have heard Creationists and debating Scientists over Evolution, let us have OIT and AIT in a live debate.

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    1. That is just what I have been saying for years now. Not just Witzel, but anyone from the AIT side who is willing to take the risk. As I said in the above article also, we can only hope "That the AIT side makes the mistake of daring to take on the OIT side in debate ─ again a very big hope"

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    2. Shrikantmaam, it would be even better if the pro-AIT side in said debate is led by pro-Hindutva commentators like Manasataramgini. That way, the debate will be likely purely scholarly in nature, given that both you and Manasataramgini are proud Hindu nationalists; at least the filthy and anti-Hindu commentary which distinguished the likes of Witzel will be avoided.

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  6. Shrikant ji, Semenenko in the Sangam Talk linked below (to the right time coordinate) in reply to a question regarding your work on the OIT, says the RV is the work of yogis and those who find historical data in it are wrong. I don't know how it's possible to maintain this after all the work that's been done in this field. There could be multiple levels of meaning, including symbolic and spiritual, in the RV, but to say there is NO historical data or events in it... I found that a little strange coming from a present day OIT scholar - he even says that people who treat it literally and historically are not scientists, and the scholarly consensus is that it is a purely symbolic text, etc.

    https://youtu.be/MLnQ8eyG4gA?t=3845

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    1. I am quite used to these people being against my work, and by "these people" I mean even the few that I have cited for their work (except Koenraad): Nicholas Kazanas (whom I will continue to praise for his original work on PIE linguistics) is very much against me and makes nasty comments on my work. He also believes with religious fervor that Vedic is practically equivalent to PIE, and (if you read my article on him), you will see that he has frequently plagiarized ideas from my writings and elaborated on them without giving me credit. I have no doubt Semenenko (whom I have justly praised for his two recent talks that I have cited in my above talk), if he makes such foolish comments about the Rigveda as you cite, is equally "spiritually" inclined and narrow-minded. Which is why we can accept their original findings, and praise them for those findings, but ultimately they also harbor the closed views which I have described in my above talk in respect of other anti-AIT writers.

      All this only shows again with frightening clarity why the task of presenting a fully rational OIT case and successfully getting it established is such a difficult task, and why I feel that work and hope are the only two things I can do in the face of all these heavy odds stacked against me and against the Truth.

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    2. I have read that article you wrote on Nicholas Kazanas' plagiarism, and I had already suspected as much, earlier, when I read some of his articles dealing with comparative mythologies and legends, which made no mention of what you'd written on the subject in your first two books.

      Leave aside the debate with the pro-AIT group, it looks like there needs to be a closed doors meeting of the OIT group to possibly decide what to highlight and what to leave out (as much as it might be a pet project of some scholars) for the good of the cause, so to speak. But of course that's not going to happen, since they're probably looking at their own agendas more than a solid wall of OIT defence.

      Shrikant ji, which are the books by Prof BB Lal that you recommend reading on the correspondences between Vedic culture and the Indus-Saraswati civilisation? And do you know of the book "In Search of Vedic-Harappan Relationship" edited by Ashvini Agrawal?

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  7. Thank you Shri Shrikant ji for an excellent presentation.
    It is very comprehensive.

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  8. Sir now one more new theory out of eastern iran theory.

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  9. This comment has been removed by the author.

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    1. In 2,300 BCE India had a very good civilization this stretched from Eastern Afghanistan to Gujarat.
      They traded with Mesopotamia.
      This civilization had started around 3,300 BCE.
      So what was the relationship of this civilization with the various cultures you named.

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    2. I just pasted what was the synopsis of the book by Asko Parpola,
      https://academic.oup.com/book/27664/chapter-abstract/197781434?redirectedFrom=fulltext
      here is the summary that I posted given..I do not believe in this but this is what Asko Parpola believes

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  10. Sir when did the Druhyus migrated from India according to you. Because Māndhātṛ who was a PreVedic king had expelled the Druhyus from Punjab, long before the composition of RV.

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    1. Talageri ji answer to a similar question on another blog post:

      https://talageri.blogspot.com/2020/07/the-full-out-of-india-case-in-short.html?showComment=1595869774803#c884542650359718513

      The answer essentially is sometime before 3,000 BCE.

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